Line Managers and HRM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Line Managers and HRM - Essay Example Retailco at the same time is also not interested in investing much into the part timers as the major advantage of hiring the part time workers is the cost saving as compared to the full time workers. Another problem with the part time workers is that the part time workers have other commitments too. The turnover of part time workers is high as they have less loyalty and less bonding with the organization working in. On the other hand, the full time work force is expensive to manage and maintain. The part time workers are only paid for their services whereas the full time workers also receive a hefty benefits package alongwith their basic salary. From the perspective of recruitment of part time workers as opposed to full time employees, the part time workers have to be hired more frequently. Store managers have substantial responsibility in terms of management and human resource activities. These managers are responsible for local HR activities including, but not restricted to, recruitment and selection, on-the-job training, staff scheduling and performance management. The workforce majority being the part time workers pose a difficulty for the store managers to manage their time to conduct such additional tasks which do not directly contribute to their performance. Store managers have set cost targets and budgets constraints within which they have to remain. They believe that hiring full time workers costs more in terms of overtime rate, for example, and thus they would run out of their budget limits if they hire full time workers. Thus they prefer hiring part time workers over full time employees. Another problem arising as a consequence of such a budget based recruitment practice is that the recruitment is

History of Colour in Art

History of Colour in Art The use of colour in history has gone through a long story. It has been used because of its ability in altering mood and atmosphere, and also because of its symbolic meanings. The earliest known usage of colour in interior space started when man drew on walls of caves and tombs, which continues with the application on cathedrals, palaces, and ordinary homes. History of colour The usage of colour has been involved in the architectural development in ancient Egypt and Greeks. It has been used mostly because of the association of colour with certain symbolism in the cultures. Ancient Egypt, one of the most documented civilizations, used paintings on walls and ceilings in order to tell the story of their civilization, from daily life to battle scenes. Earth pigments are used in creating these paintings red, yellow ochre, also green, blue, purple, black, white, and gray. Each colour is used to symbolise certain criterias, for example red ocher for skin colour of men, while yellow is used for the women. While in the Greek history, the Palace of Knossos, is a distinct example of the use of colour in its architecture. The most outstanding feature in the building is its large red and black columns. Palace of Knossos, Greece   Colour has been widely used in the past, but this tradition doesnt always go well along the development in architecture. The Lost of Colour Being used and developed throughout the early civilization, colour arrived at a point times when its use is being ignored. The situation is caused by several reasons, such as the perception of whiteness, and how this idea is strengthen by the emergence of the Modern Movement and International Style, who preferred the natural colour of the materials, and later on the idea of black, white, and gray in Minimalism. These movements has changed peoples perception of colour and therefore resulting avoidance in its application. Whiteness Though your sins be as scarlet, they shall be as white as snow. Bible The colour white, through various cultures, has been associated with perfection, innocence, and cleanliness. Colour, on the other hand, is perceived as the opposite of whiteness, which is dirtiness and the less-than-true. The word colour, which is colorem in Latin, is related to celare, means to hide or conceal. In Middle English to colour means to disguise. The Modern Movement, International Style and Minimalism Rejection of colour, partly is also formed by the influence of Modern Movement and International Style, which often termed their works as minimal. In this period, light and neutral tones are preferred in the space. White is the most dominant colour because it allows colours and light in the surrounding reflects into the space and that it is felt as natural colour. Colour, on the other hand, is being avoided because it makes a striking contrast with the surrounding. Even in times when it is used, colour is still artificially applied  and the majority of the surfaces is white.The famous people in this period are Mies van der Rohe and Walter Gropius. Their works, reflecting the idea of Modern Movement, shows restraint use of colour. Instead of using colours, they use the genuine colour and texture from the materials used, such as steel, glass, concrete, masonry, and stone, which dominates their works. Minimalism, another architectural style, is also much associated with the use of white. The term minimalism is applied to works showing reduction in forms, usually created with flat surfaces that reflect a simple and tranquil atmosphere. White colour is chosen as the most dominant colour, since it is seen as colour with pure, smooth, and serene quality, and therefore goes along with the idea of calmness and tranquillity in minimalism. Samuel Wagstaff, an art curator, mentioned that this new aesthetics in black, white, and gray, is aimed to keep the viewer from being biased by the emotionalism of colour. So, white colour, along with black and gray are preferred to be used here. Chromophobia The perception of white and the modern art movement influence has a causal relation to what David Batchelor mentioned as chromophobia. Chromophobia, based on David Batchelor, is defined as a fear of corruption or contamination through colour. He mentioned that chromophobia manifests itself in the many and varied attempts to purge colour from culture, to devalue colour, to diminish its significance, to deny its complexity . ( Batchelor, David, 2000) The rejection of colour happens in two ways. First, colour is made out of foreign body- usually the feminine, the vulgar, .In this case, colour is  treated as something foreign, something alien'( Batchelor, David, 2000 ) so that it is considered dangerous. Charles Blanc, a colour theorist, identified colour with the feminine in art and as something that cannot be detached from life. Not just that, he even consider colour as a permanent internal threat. Therefore, he came up with the idea of either completely ignoring colour or controlling it, in order to preventing it from ruining everything. Charles Blanc is not the only chromophobic. The idea of fear of colour has also swept the society and therefore had its impact to architectural design. A few cases of the rejection of colour in the past have been experienced by architects. It happened to Belgian architect Huib Hoste, who throughout his career has been experimenting with colours in his works. One of his works, the Zwart Huis ( Black House ), which is created for Raymond de Beir Knokke in 1924 is painted deep black and partly red for its walls. Complains came from the neighbours who felt uncomfortable by the too-striking-colours and on how it broke the harmony within the surrounding environment. In 2001, a similar problem occured with the work by MVRDV. Designing an entire orange office building in a courtyard in Amsterdam, provoked dissapproval from the neighbours who felt annoyed with the orange glow that forced its way to the surrounding homes. Everything around you is orange you didnt ask for it, you didnt want i t, but you cant do anything about it, they said. (Colour in Contemporary Architecture, 2009) According to David Batchelor, the word chromophobia, other than defining colour as dangerous, is also used for the idea of colour as something superficial, supplementary, and as a secondary quality of experience, which leads to lack of consideration in its usage. This had  happened even in ancient times, when Vitruvius complained that buildings were painted without considering its relation with the architectural form, which means there was not much consideration put in the thought process therefore resulting an unsatisfying project. Rejection for colour has become a serious problem and therefore cause the lost of colour. THESIS STATEMENT : Colour once is considered as an afterthought, that it ends up as decorative elements. It also has been considered dangerous. But considering the ability of colour in changing perception and mood, there might be a chance to create a more emotive architecture than those without colour. So, should we re-examine the role of colour in architecture? BODY Colour in Architecture The impulse of using colour in architecture emerged in 1920s, inspired by paintings. Three architects who were known to use colour in their works in this period are Le Corbusier, Theo van Doesburg, and Bruno Taut, but each architect has different approach in applying colour in their works. Theo van Doesburg, is the member of De Stijl Movement, an important accomplishment in applying colour in architecture. Other movements using colour as their conceptual design basis are Constructivism and Expressionism. In De Stijl, colour is considered as an important element and is developed as a tool in creating a new spatial experience. The goal of the movement is to achieve an ideal future where walls that separate men would be broken down. The architects of De Stijl believe that the three-dimensional properties of mass and volume is against the goal of the movement, and in order to achieve their goal, these characteristics must be broken down by using colours. The method they used is to place colour planes on corners and boundaries, resulting a change in the volume of space. Here, colours were used not just as mere decoration, but it also plays an important part in altering the visual experience of the user spatially. However, Le Corbusier called van Doesburg application on colour as camouflage architectural and disagreed with the use of colour to weakens the physical space or to conceal its actual spatial proportions. Villa la Roche, Le Corbusier Opposing the idea, in his work, Le Corbusier coloured the entire wall surfaces to make them an individual elements, so that it would not disturb the spatial effect of the architecture. These coloured walls were used as an intervention against the mostly painted white spaces in the building. The colours here, as Batchelor commented, was used by Le Corbusier to make his architecture even more white. Having a different approach with his two fellows architects, Bruno Tauts intention was to use colour as an agent of social reform. His goal was to create various identities in a large housing estates, where people from overcrowded flats in the backyard of Berlin will be the occupants of the building. (Komossa, Susanne, 2009) Although the myth of white appeared not long after these colour methods were being used, architects such as Louis Barragan emerged into practice and back with the idea of colour as an essential element, opposing the idea of colour  as decorations. His choice of colours mostly reflects the colours of Mexican culture. Through his works, Barragan proved how the use of colours are able to evoke dreamlike and surreal atmosphere. Another renowned colour architect is Ricardo Legorreta. Inspired by the 20th century mural paintings, Legorreta uses many bright colours in his works and proves that colours can emphasize shapes and deny mass of the buildings. From time to time, along with the gradual loss of Modern Movement influence, colour slowly made its way back to architectural design. Herzog de Meuron, for example, coloured their first house in Basle suburb with blue layer that engages the viewer. Looking at how colours are being considered more deeply in architecture nowadays, and how it is constantly being moved away from the idea of a mere decoration to elements that can alter perception of the viewer, the use of colour has achieved a different state than it used to be. And in this sense, just as mentioned by Rem Koolhas, the future of colour is looking bright. Visible Space: Seeing Colour 1.1 Perception of Space Perception is a critical connection between human and their surrounding environment. It can also refer to a more complicated and higher level of thinking process. Perception enables human beings to decide what has been sensed and analyze that sensation. Beside digesting the information received from the sensors, perception also acts as a filter that classify important and useful information. In architectural design, whose works mainly is about the creation of space, perception of space is nevertheless important. In order to perceive the space, one must firstly sense the space. To sense a space is to become aware of own self existence in the space and therefore one is able to distinguish between the self and the surrounding. This can be done using human senses, which are hearing, seeing, smell, taste, and touch. But as we always hear, Seeing is believing, visual perception is very important in shaping perception of space. Here, colour takes a major role. 1.2 The eye and the colour Take a good look round and youll see that everything is coloured. K. Schippers Colour, dissolving perfectly in our life, may seem as a very normal experience. But it actually is a very important aspect in our vision because it plays a big part in shaping our visual perception. So what is colour? Colour, in physics and optics, are defined as component parts of light. Being able to see colour enables human see many more different things under the light, comparing to what might possibly be seen in only shades of gray ( known as monochromatic vision). Some animals, such as dogs, dont experience colour vision. This condition cause they can only spot other creatures, for example rabbits, only if it moves. The experience of seeing colour will not be possible if not because of the assistance of light in our vision. Our eyes perceive differences in light frequencies just as how we perceive differences in sound frequencies with  our ears. While differences in sound frequencies enable us to hear different pitch, differences in light frequencies enable us to see different colour. The colour field that human perceive ranges from the longest visible wavelength (red) to the shortest visible wavelength (violet). Light, in various wavelength and brightness, enters our eyes through a transparent outer covering, called the cornea. The received light then will be focused on the back of the surface of the eye. The back of the eye is covered by the retina, which contain many layers of cells. The layer which is important in colour vision consist two receptors called rods and cones. Rods enable us to see black and white visions in dim light, while cones enable us to see hues under brighter lighting condition. Hence, through these series of mechanisms, we are able to see colour. Colour and Light Architecture is light. It is because of light, architecture can be seen. In its relation with colour, light always assists colour enabling it to be seen. Both colour and light are important aspects in creating perception in architecture. Light, enabling colour to be seen, determines the experience of the colour perceived. The condition of light and the changes it made; its direction, form, colour, and its arrangement; has a potential to create various colour perception. Considering the possibility of changes in perceiving colour based on the lighting condition, various kinds of atmosphere might be created. Both natural and artificial lighting is able to be used in assisting colour in the space. The perception of colour under the sunlight can vary depends on the atmospheric condition. The direction of the sunlight has to be considered in order to create a desirable colour perceived in space. Direct sunlight can make surfaces appear lighter, while the indirect sunlight will cause less dramatic shadow casting. Since the sun moves throughout the day, different kinds of light will be experienced. Different lights will reflect colour differently, resulting the same colour might be perceived differently during different time of the day. An observation of how light affects the colour perceived has been done by the French Impressionist, Claude Monet, in creating his works. In order to find the visual truth, Monet often painted the exact same scenes, such as haystacks and cathedral face, under different lighting condition. Once, he rented a room opposite Rouen Cathedral and spent months there painting the cathedral in different times of the day. It appeared that in full midday sunlight , the facade of the building is washed with gold colour and a slight blue shadow. While at sunset, the surface is coloured pale bluish pink, with lots of oranges and reds in the buildings recesses. Colour and Atmosphere: Towards Emotive Architecture Colour Deceives The usage of colour is often associated with its ability in creating illusion. Based on Joseph Albers book, Interaction of Colour, colour in visual perception is always never seen as it really is in reality, which is why he mentioned, In order to use colour effectively it is necessary to recognise that colour deceives continually The ability of colour in deceiving the viewer resulting two kinds of conditions the actual and the  factual. The actual is the space which is perceived by the viewer, while the factual is the physical space bordered by walls in reality. The ability of colour to change spatial perception is also written in Ittens analysis, Among cold and warm tones of equal brilliance, the warm will advance and the cold retreat. By recognizing the potential of colour in terms of altering perception of space through vision of the viewers, colour has vast opportunities in being used as the resource in creating space. Colour Affects: Physiology and Psychology Colour is known as an expressive element and can be used to generate emotional response. Studies on how colour can change peoples emotion has been conducted by people. Bright colours ( warm hues ) fit well for spaces requiring lots of activities and mental alertness, therefore these colours are often being used in school environments. While on the other hand, cooler hues tend to calm people. In his book Concerning the Spiritual in Art, Kandinsky did analysis on the sensory effects in colour. He found that bright and warm colours attract greater attention and the visual emotion created by these tones generates physical effect that touches the soul. Realizing the potential of colour in altering emotion, people used it as a tool in healing. Chromo therapy, or colour therapy, is the practice of using coloured light and colour in the environment to cure specific illness and in general to bring about beneficial health effect ( Hope and Walch, 1990, p.75). The study on chromo therapy is based on the  discovery of how our bodies, acting like prisms, absorb white light and other colours, too. The therapy involves the use of natural light that is filtered through a certain colour of glass. For example, patient with migraine will be treated with sunlight filtered through blue glass, and depression can be treated with red light. Emotive Architecture Emotive architecture, is usually defined as buildings and spaces that is purposefully built to provoke emotional response from the users. The idea came up from the feeling of too functional architecture in the 20th century, which created the space with much logic and utility. Case Study Luis Barragan In my activity as an architect, colour and light have always been a crucially important constant. Both are basic elements in the creation of an architectural space. Luis Barragan Luis Barragan learned much from the work of Itten who is devoted to the laws of harmony, contrast, and the spatial effect of colours. In his works, Barragan treated colour the same way as other architectural components and he bravely experiments and utilizes its ability in generating sensations in the space. His works on The Gilardi House, dwelling of Francisco Gilardi, showed a skillful consideration in assisting colour with light in the space. The method of the colour used here, such as achieving brighter or softer hues through direct and indirect lighting, using coloured glass to create chromatic ambience, has been experimented in his earlier works. In the dwelling, Barragan continued his experiment in utilizing white light in the space and how it landed on the coloured vertical sections. A yellow-painted corridor is placed nearby the entrance in order to prepare the journey to an important space. Walking down the corridor, the visitor is faced with a radiating blue space. The contrast between the warm and cool colour is aimed to arrest the visitors vision. The visitor then comes out into the space with pool which is surrounded by three primary colours; blue, red, yellow. The whole composition of this space is supported by the coloured surfaces around the pool and the reflections created by the water. Steven Holl Famous for his method of utilizing light in the space, Steven Holl is also do a lot of experimentations on its relation with  colour. In his work The Chapel of St, Ignatius, for example, Steven Holl used the idea of treating the space like seven bottles of light. Each bottle is pierced with light which define each spaces inside the building with coloured light.

Personal Experiences in the Human Resource Department of the China Merc

1. Introduction: As a new wealth for the organization, the businesses are noticing that the talent is the treasure of the company. In twenty-first century, organizations are facing the challenges of human capital that are also called â€Å"war for talent†(Ashton, and Morton, L. 2005; McKinsey, 1990). As a valuable treasure, talents whom can improve business performance and create contributions to the business become the centre of attention especially under the talent shortage environment. Cappelli (2008) notices that the rising star is worth to fight. Outstanding talent is crucial for business to achieve the competitive advantages (Iles et al., 2010). For a successful company, talented people play a center role. Thus, talent management becomes increasingly important for businesses to successes. The aim of this paper is to analyze the personal experiences in the human resource department of the China Merchants Bank (CMB) through a review of the literature. This paper begins with a discussion of the definitions of the talent and talent management. In the third part, the significance of talent management will be shown. Fourthly, this work will distinguish between the human resource management and talent management. It will develop the fundamental processes of the talent management. In the following sections, its theoretical arguments for the barriers for the talent management and the critiques are shown in the fifth section. Finally, the writer’s personal experience of going to work for the China Merchants Bank will be analyzed. 2. Literature review 2.1 What is talent McKinsey (2008) defines talent is a rising star with high skills, knowledge, experience, intelligence, attitude, intrinsic gifts and ability to learn and develop (cite... ...nizational Dynamics. 29:248-259. Tansley, C., and Tietze, S. (2013). Rites of passage through talent management progression stages: an identity work perspective. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(9), 1799-1815. Tarique, I., and Schuler, R. S. (2010). Global talent management: Literature review, integrative framework, and suggestions for further research. Journal of world business, 45(2), 122-133. Silzer, R., and Dowell, B. E. (2010). Strategic talent management matters. In R. Silzer, & B. E. Dowell (Eds.), Strategy-driven talent management: A leadership imperative (pp. 3–72). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Stephenson, E., and Pandit, A. (2008). How companies act on global trends: A McKinsey global survey. McKinsey, Boston, MA. Torrington, D., Hall, L., Stephen, T., and Atkinson, C., 2011. Human resource management. 8ed. Essex: Pearson.

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain, Husk's relationship with Jim becomes Increasingly close and respected as these chapters unwind. In the beginning of the book, both Houck and Jim are only briefly acquitted due to Jim working for Miss Watson as a slave, who happens to be Husks legal guardian at the time. Even though both characters live under the same roof, neither of them pay much attention to one another due to the fact that slaves in the asses, degraded by the term â€Å"naggers†, would not be accepted into the white community as anything ore.However, despite Houck barely knowing him, he had noticed â€Å"Miss Watson big Niger, named Jim†(pig. 6) was physically large, very superstitious but capable of interpreting signs that could provide useful Information. We know this since Houck mentions that â€Å"Jim, had a hair-ball as big as your fist, which had been took out of the fourth stomach of an ox, and he used to do magic with It. He said there was a split Inside of It, and It endowed everything. So I went to him that night and told him pap was here again, for I found his tracks In the snow.What I wanted to know, was, what e was going to do, and was he going to stay? â€Å". Once Husks Journey starts by sailing down the Mississippi River he eventually comes across an island where he meets Jim once again. As both characters have a common ground as to why they had ran away from their previous destinations, they decided to stick together and camp out for a couple of days. During this time, Houck pulled a childish prank on Jim which resulted in Jims leg swelling from a very poisonous snake bite.Even though Houck had caused Jim great pain, he decided to ignore it and â€Å"Judged he was all 55); however, he â€Å"slid out quiet and thrower the snakes Lear away amongst the bushes; for I warrant going to let Jim find out It was all my fault, not If I could help which shows that he had little remorse for his actions and had no means to apologize. Later in Chapter. 15, Houck and Jim are separated by fog while going down the river. Eventually Houck finds the boat and is reunited with a rather drowsy Jim. Once Jim awakens he immediately shows his sincerest happiness to Husk's survival. Unfortunately, for Jim, Husk's childish behavior brings him to say â€Å"Gone away? Why, what in the nation do you mean? I haunt been gone anywhere. Where would I go to? â€Å"(pig. 87). However, Jim knows it was no dream of his and figures out that Houck had been lying and teasing him the entire time. We know that Jim is extremely offended by Husk's behavior as he says â€Å"When I got all wore out wide work, en wide De call' door you, en went to sleep, my heart wiz broke bakes you wiz ISO', en I din' Kerrey no what become err me en De raff.En when I wake up en fine you back gal.', all safe en soon', De tears come en I could a got down on my knees en kiss' F foot Xi's so lie. Data truck dad is trash; en trash is what people is d ate data puts dirt on De head err dye Freon's en makes ‘me ashamed. â€Å"(pig. 9) meaning that he couldn't have been more worried when he had lost Houck and couldn't have been any happier when they were united, but could not understand why he would ever treat him in that way.Houck responds by saying â€Å"It made me feel so means I could almost kissed his foot to get him to take it back. â€Å"(pig. 89) and this is the first time he actually feels guilt for his actions towards Jim, so guilty in fact, that Houck brings himself to apologize. This is a revolutionary moment in the book as both a white man and a slave are on moral ground of respect and resembles how close these two characters have become throughout these chapters.

Oliver Twist Essay

Dickens never stops criticising the workhouse and the way they treated orphans in the first chapter. The first chapter closes with ‘Oliver cried lustily. If he could have known that he was an orphan, left to the tender mercies of church wardens and overseers, perhaps he would cried the louder. ‘ This last statement leaves us feeling sympathetic towards Oliver. Oliver after eight to ten months was sent off to a baby farm. This is yet another aspect of society, which was not a pleasant experience, another institution where children were malnourished and brought up by hand, similar to the parish workhouse but the actual purpose of the baby farm, was different. ‘Where twenty or thirty other juvenile offenders against the poor-laws rolled about the floor all day, without the inconvenience of to much food or clothing,’ When Dickens says that the children are offenders against the poor laws he is was once again using sarcasm. He uses sarcasm here to make the children sound like criminals which is what the higher class people saw the children as, as they have no parents and no money. Under the parental superintendence of an elderly woman implies that the children are neglected and left to his of her own company with no particular care or affection. However it was very unlikely that a woman of Mrs Mann’s age, the elderly woman watching over the children, was going to actually give the children what money they were given. Mrs Mann never gave the children all the money they were given to be able to lead a health life. She only gave the children enough money to buy what she thought was a suitable diet. She deprives the children of their rights and uses the money for her own luxuries. It was of no surprise that this system of farming would leave no child fit and healthy, and Dickens outlines this by Oliver’s physical appearance. ‘Oliver Twists ninth birthday found him a pale thin child, somewhat diminutive in stature and decidedly small in circumference. ‘ Nourishment wasn’t the only thing that Mrs Mann’s system lacked. Responsibility and awareness wasn’t some of her strongest qualities along with many of the other women who worked in baby farms in Dickens day. Many deaths occurred in farms and they were down to sheer carelessness. ‘It did perversely happen in eight and a half cases out of ten, either that sickened from want and cold, or fell into the fire from neglect, or got half smothered by accident; in any one of which cases, the miserable little being was usually summoned into another world, and there gathered to the fathers it had never known in this. ‘ There were an unusual high number of suspicious deaths in the baby farms. However Mr Bumble and the board regularly covered for up these deaths to keep the Parish Officials in the dark to what really went on. Mrs Mann said she gave the children gin when they were ill so they didn’t moan from the pain and disturb her peace. ‘Why, its what I’m obliged to keep a little in the house, to put into the blessed infants’ Daffy, when they aint well, Mr Bumble’ At least this is what she says, I personally think that she kept the gin in the house so when the children were ill and were crying with pain she could drink the gin and drown out the noise the children made. Oliver stayed with Mrs Mann until he was nine years old. After Mr Bumble had arrived Oliver was already upstairs being washed and made presentable enough and then brought down to the Beadle. ‘Having by this time as much of the outer coat of dirt, which encrusted his face and hands, removed, as could be scrubbed off in one washing was led into the room by his benevolent protectress. ‘ Notice in the quotation how Oliver was led this further demonstrates that Oliver is a passive character. He does not lead himself but is led by others. This consistently proceeds to happen throughout the novel as he led by Mr Bumble and many other characters of the story. Oliver is always referred to as being little, small, poor little Oliver Twist. This is to try and gain the readers sympathy. In the 1830’s, Victorian times, the Victorians would engross themselves in stories and novels which involved sad and sympathetic characters. They enjoyed reading ‘tear jerking’ novels and Dickens tries to capture and involve the reader in the novel by always referring Oliver as small, little and poor. Oliver was now nine years old and was scheduled to stand before the board, which was made up of eight to ten men. They were going to decide where to send Oliver as he was too old to still live in the farm with Mrs Mann. The board were stern and strict. One of the men in a white waistcoat called Oliver a fool. ‘Which was a capital way raising his spirits and putting him quite at ease’ Dickens here is being facetious in the way that the man which called Oliver a fool did not help him relax in front of the board. The board started interrogating little Oliver asking him questions to what he did not know the answers. They asked if he was aware he was an orphan, if he prayed at night for those who fed him and cared for him and yet he did not know what praying was. He had not been educated in such things by anyone and by which means was he suppose to know he had to. The board told Oliver that he was to learn a new and useful trade. This was to pick oakum. ‘So you’ll begin to pick oakum tomorrow morning at six o’clock’ added the surely one in the white waistcoat’ Oliver was not involved in the decisions made only told and this was no way to treat someone, especially not a child just because he was an orphan. ‘The members of the board were very sage, deep, philosophical man, and when they came to turn their attention to the workhouse, they found out at once, what ordinary folks would never have discovered – the poor people liked it’ Once again Dickens uses sarcasm and irony to mock the board and criticise their intelligence. Rules and regulations were put into order, to try and make the workhouses run smoothly. Separating the men and women and children, having routines for breakfast, dinner, tea and super. Having small meals of thin gruel that barely filled an inch of the workers stomach; and yet the board thought this was decent of them, decent of them to have given the poor an option to starve slowly and painfully or to starve them quickly. Oliver throughout the novel is a passive character, at this point in the novel Oliver acts for the first time. After a little encouragement from his friends sat having the little bit of gruel for dinner he gets up and asks the master for some more. ‘Please, sir, I want some more. ‘ Now the master was a fat and healthy man. Oliver in the novel is always seen alongside with fat, well fed, healthy men and women. This produces a lot of imagery for the reader. Oliver is continually described as little, thin, small and we because Dickens always puts Oliver alongside people in a contrasting body appearance it makes the audience feel even more sympathy towards Oliver because Dickens reiterates how small Oliver is and adds to this effect by putting him with people who are of a healthy manner. The master’s reaction to Oliver asking for more leaves a lot to be desired for Oliver Twist. The master did not just go along with Oliver and place more food into Oliver’s bowl, like he should have done as Oliver worked very hard and deserved the food that he needed to keep him on his feet but was shocked and hesitated in dismay before hitting him over the head with the ladle he had in hand. He then grabbed the young Oliver twist and shrieked for the Beadle, Mr Bumble. Dickens exaggerates the way in which the Beadle, the master and board would have reacted at an event such as a young boy, in a workhouse, asking for more food, but it does draw attention to Dickens strong opinion about, how the food was distributed. When Mr Bumble ran into the room where the men of the board sat he was in a rather excitable state. When Mr bumble tells the board of what Oliver Twist had ‘offended’ there was a great deal of horror amongst the board.

Understand influences on dietary intake and nutritional health Essays

Understand influences on dietary intake and nutritional health Essays Understand influences on dietary intake and nutritional health Essay Understand influences on dietary intake and nutritional health Essay In this assignment I am going to explain possible influences on dietary intake, assess how influences on dietary intake may affect the nutritional health of individuals, then I will make realistic recommendations for minimising negative influences on individuals in a specific health and social care setting. Factors what influence what people eat include could be health factors which restrict dietary choices and nutritional intake could be underlying health conditions such as; lactose intolorence where dairy products within the diet is restricted, so the person will have to get calcium from other products like fish- and also use alternatives for milk like soya or rice milk. The person could have a food allergy like a nut allergy so this means they cant eat products that contain nuts or traces of nuts. Dietary habits can infucence could be ones like meal patterns- if they work shift patterns then this could have a big infuence on the times the person eats food because they wont have consistant meal times and be eating at all different times of the day. Snacking could be another factor because they may get bored waiting for food to cook and decide to snack this could lead to putting on weight, also food availablity- if they live in a area that is surrounded by takeaways; they will want to go and eat a takeaway rather than cook as it is easier. This fits into lifestyle; the person might not live near a gym and live near lots of unhealthy places, they could live near a deprived area and may not want to go for a run to get excersice; they may also go out a lot with friends (social eating and drinking) these all have an impact on a persons health. A persons occupation is a factor- if someone has a job that requires sitting at a desk, they arent getting much excersise and will gain weight, however- if their job is being a fitness trainer or a football coach, then they will get consistant excersice. The economical climate is a big factor as wages have stayed the same and the price of food and drinks has gone up, and also access to shops- the person may not have a car or the funds spare to get a bus, and if their corner shop raises its prices of food then the person will have to pay for them as they cant afford to get a bus or a taxi. They may not be able to afford healthy food and processed foods are often cheaper (like pizza and microwave meals) so it is easier. If a person has cultural beliefs- if they are a vegetarian or a vegan, this can affect their dietry choices as they will only want to eat non-meat products/non-animal produce, and often these products are more expensive. Education has a big impact on heath factors, as many people havent been educated on what nutrition labels mean so they dont understand what is on the label. If a person is lactose intolerent, then they wont be able to eat or drink products that have dairy products and the natural sugar (that is found in milk- it is added to foods), they wont be able to eat cream, cheese, yoghurt, biscuits and chocolate, and many breakfast cereals. This can affect their intake because lactose is often used for energy as well as it helps to absorb a number of minerals such as calcium and magnestium so deficiencies can start. This means that they wont be getting enough calcium (high in dairy products etc) or magnesium in their diet- this can lead to brittle bones, weak bones and teeth, calcium also aids the stopping of blood clots. If a person choses a lifestyle of living on their own; this can have a major impact on their nutritional health because if they live on their own; it is easier to have a takeaway or a microwave meal than to cook a portion of food for themselves, which requires washing up. It is faster to cook a meal in the microwave or order some food from the takeaway. It is also more expensive to put food in the fridge, which if the person isnt in a lot due to working then this could mean wasting money on food going off and not getting used when only one person is in. They wont have fruit and vegetables in as these will also go off and is it also a waste of money. This could lead to a high bmi, high cholestrol, and lead to the person being overweight. They will not be getting a balanced diet or following the eat well plate to stay healthy. There are several ways to reduce the negative influences that impact on a persons diet; if a person is lactose intolerant, they can still get calcium and magnesium as they can take lactose subsititute to help in digestion. If a person smokes, and they are smoking instead of eating, then this means that they arent having a balanced diet or getting all the nutrients they need- the person could cut down smoking and eat more meals when hungry instead of replacing meals for cigerettes. A person who lives on their own could also get healthier meals in that can be cooked in the oven for a short period of time- they could look online on what the traffic light labels mean and ensure if they are eating microwave meals then they are high in energy and low in salt and fat. If they work shift patterns, then they should ensure the food that they do eat (if it is late at night), that it is healthy and that they dont just go to the chipshop because it is easier, they should take soup or a pasta salad, not only will it give them lots of energy which is a slow release, it is healthier.

HIV Uses Trojan Horse Method to Infect Cells

HIV Uses Trojan Horse Method to Infect Cells Like all viruses, HIV is not able to reproduce or express its genes without the help of a living cell. First, the virus must be able to successfully infect a cell. To do so, HIV uses a veil of human proteins in a Trojan horse manner to infect immune cells. To go from cell to cell, HIV is packaged in an envelope or capsid made from viral proteins and proteins from human cell membranes. Like the Ebola virus, HIV relies on proteins from human cell membranes to gain entrance into a cell. In fact, Johns Hopkins scientists have identified 25 human proteins that have been incorporated into the HIV-1 virus and aid its ability to infect other body cells. Once inside a cell, HIV uses the cells ribosomes and other components to make viral proteins and to replicate. When new virus particles are formed, they emerge from the infected cell cloaked in a membrane and proteins from the infected cell. This helps the virus particles avoid immune system detection. What Is HIV? HIV is the virus that causes the disease known as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, or AIDS. HIV destroys cells of the immune system, making an individual infected with the virus less equipped to fight off infection. According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), this virus may be transmitted when infected blood, semen, or vaginal secretions come in contact with an uninfected persons broken skin or mucous membranes. There are two types of HIV, HIV-1, and HIV-2. HIV-1 infections have mostly occurred in the United States and Europe, while HIV-2 infections are more prominent in West Africa. How HIV Destroys Immune Cells While HIV may infect different cells throughout the body, it attacks white blood cells called T cell lymphocytes and macrophages in particular. HIV destroys T cells by triggering a signal that results in T cell death. When HIV replicates within a cell, viral genes get inserted into the genes of the host cell. Once HIV integrates its genes into T cell DNA, an enzyme (DNA-PK) uncharacteristically sets off a sequence that leads to the death of the T cell. The virus thereby destroys the cells that play a major role in the bodys defense against infectious agents. Unlike T cell infection, HIV infection of macrophages is less likely to lead to macrophage cell death. As a result, infected macrophages produce HIV particles for a longer period of time. Since macrophages are found in every organ system, they can transport the virus to various sites in the body. HIV-infected macrophages may also destroy T cells by releasing toxins that cause nearby T cells to undergo apoptosis or programmed cell death. Engineering HIV-Resistant Cells Scientists are attempting to develop new methods for fighting HIV and AIDS. Stanford University School of Medicine researchers has genetically engineered T cells to be resistant to HIV infection. They accomplished this by inserting HIV-resistant genes into the T-cell genome. These genes successfully blocked the entry of the virus into the altered T cells. According to researcher Matthew Porteus, We inactivated one of the receptors that HIV uses to gain entry and added new genes to protect against HIV, so we have multiple layers of protection what we call stacking. We can use this strategy to make cells that are resistant to both major types of HIV. If it is shown that this approach to treating HIV infection could be used as a new type of gene therapy, this method could potentially replace current drug therapy treatment. This type of gene therapy would not cure HIV infection  but would provide a source of resistant T cells that could stabilize the immune system and prevent the deve lopment of AIDS. Sources: NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Scientists discover how HIV kills immune cells; Findings have implications for HIV treatment. ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 5 June 2013. (www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130605144435.htm).Herbein G. and Kumar A. The macrophage: a therapeutic target in HIV-1 infection. Molecular and Cellular Therapies. Published 2 April 2014. (molcelltherapies.com/content/2/1/10).Stanford University Medical Center. Immune cells engineered in lab to resist HIV infection, study shows. ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 22 January 2013. (sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/01/130122101903.htm).

How to Pronounce Italian American Surnames

How to Pronounce Italian American Surnames Everyone knows how to pronounce their last name, right? Since surnames are obviously a point of pride, its not hard to understand why families would insist on pronouncing them a certain way. But second- and third-generation Italian Americans who have little or no knowledge of Italian are often unaware of how to correctly pronounce their last names, resulting in anglicized versions that bear little aural resemblance to the original, intended form. Thats Not Italian In popular culture, on TV, in movies, and radio, Italian surnames are frequently mispronounced. Endings are truncated, extra syllables are added where none exist, and vowels are barely mouthed. Its no wonder, then, that many Italian Americans cannot pronounce their last names the way their forefathers did. If you cringe when hearing Italian words mispronounced, are interested in how your surname was meant to be pronounced in the original language, or want to recognize your own last name when spoken by a native Italian, there are a few simple rules to follow. When Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel sang, in the 1969 Grammy Awards Record of the Year song Mrs. Robinson, Where have you gone, Joe DiMaggio? they turned the Yankee Hall of Famers last name into four syllables. In fact, the Italian pronunciation should be dee-MAH-joh. In 2005, amidst the blanket media coverage of the Terri Schiavo case (brain-dead and in a coma, her husband went to court to have her taken off life support) the American media persisted in pronouncing her last name as SHY-vo, which to Italian speakers sounded very wrong. The correct pronunciation is skee-AH-voh. There are many other examples in which no attempt is made for even a close approximation of standard Italian pronunciation, which has lead to the spread of careless sounding out of Italian last names. Ironically, in Italy native Italian speakers struggle with the same dilemma of whether to pronounce surnames on the grounds of nationality (i.e., to italicize a last name) or on the basis of the origin of the surname. The Correct Way If many English speakers cannot seem to pronounce Italian last names correctly, how can you avoid common pronunciation mistakes in Italian? Remember that Italian is a phonetic language, which means words are usually pronounced as they are written. Determine how to break down your surname into syllables and learn how to pronounce Italian consonants and vowels. Ask a native Italian or someone fluent in the language how to pronounce your cognome italiano, or post a message on the forums such as: How to pronounce the surname Lucania correctly (hint: its not loo-KA-nia, or loo-CHA-nia, but loo-KAH-nee-ah). At some point, the linguistic clouds will part, and youll be able to pronounce your Italian last name as it was meant to be. Stumbling, Mumbling Pronunciation There are a few letter combinations in Italian that frequently trip up even the most assiduous speaker, and lead to the mangled pronunciation of last names. For example, Albert Ghiorso was the co-discoverer of a number of chemical elements. But pronouncing the surname Ghiorso shouldnt require a Ph.D. in chemistry. The scientists last name is not enunciated gee-OHR-so but rather ghee-OR-soh. Other potential tongue-twisters include double consonants, ch, gh, and the ever-tricky gli. Master these articulation challenges, and youll sound like a native when pronouncing memorable Italian last names such as: Pandimiglio, Schiaparelli, Squarcialupi, and Tagliaferro.

Zara Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Zara - Case Study Example Zara’s success has also been attributed to the production of new designs and strong marketing strategies that encourage customers to visit their stores again (Pahl & Mohring, 2009). The use of these strategies has played a huge role in acquiring a larger market; hence, the bigger profit margins. Zara has also acquired some approaches that enhance growth in sales. Unlike most firms in the fashion industry, Zara has been applying the strategy of outsourcing by contracting external manufacturing firms. The outsourcing strategy is an advantage because it avoids the manufacturing costs such as labor. Other firms in the fashion industry include H&M and GAP. The disruptive business The disruptive business model has been used Zara to determine how different the business operates from other businesses in the same industry such as GAP. This determines whether the business achieves its long term efforts to increase their revenue and existence in a competitive market. The disruptive busin ess model mostly involves producing, redesigning and renovating products of services that are provided by the business so as to have unique products and services from firms in the same industry.6). ... Most of the company management teams avoid embracing change because they fear that the new approach may never work, or they may affect the overall performance of the company (Osterwalder & Pigneur, 2010). This factor causes most of the companies not to implement the disruptive approach of management whereas; disruptive approach of management has become the cause of the success of various companies. Modern companies that need to thrive in the market should focus on renovating their products and investing in newer innovative brands as well as their services. Unlike GAP Zara has been able to produce the latest fashion designs because of their consideration to customer specifications while producing new designs and renovating the existing ones. Failure to invest in new and renovated brands leads the company to risk management efforts. Some of the factors to consider while incorporating the disruptive business models include; when new products were last produced, last changes made in the company operations, the last time to enter a new market and whether the company renovated their products among other factors. For a company to grow in revenue and profit margin, it should invest in change and renovations (Jones, 2006). Over the recent past, the apparel industry has been affected by economic pressures due to low costs of manufacturing. This has caused most companies in western countries to seek for new strategies to develop new products and renovate the existing brands. These companies seek for new plans of operation for survival in the highly competitive market and grow in terms of sales and profit margins. This method however, is challenging because the

Leadership Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Leadership - Assignment Example It is difficult to measure and assess leadership potential as it cannot be calculated by any tool neither it can be measured in a specific value. It can only be analyzed by customers’ and employees’ satisfaction. This indicates that the organization’s leadership is communicating the vision of the company in a right way. Measuring Leadership: Leadership potential can be analyzed on the basis of the skills present in a person who is willing to take the role as a leader. It is imperative for a leader to know the vision of his organization in a clear manner. He should be aware of the vision and the values from the core. A leader should be aware of his strengths and weaknesses. He should know how to positively use his strengths as tools to win the situation and how to overcome the weaknesses to gain power and authority. Training and development are the essential components in measuring the leadership skills and to enhance them further. A leader should know how to buil d trust and how to develop flawless interpersonal relations with the employees or the subordinates. Situational Theory: Situational theory can be very helpful for the leaders to select the best course of action that are dependent on the situation and the circumstances. ... Answer: The Role of Values, Ethics and Morals in Leadership: Leaders are subjected to perform the â€Å"right things† in a right way. These right things should be morally and ethically right. A true leader seeks truth and rightly justification before taking any decision. A leader may fail to inspire his followers if he undermines the value of ethics, moral and truth in his actions. It is imperative for a leader to have a strong ethics and moral values in his personality. Values and ethics help a leader to develop moral conscience and without these basic elements, a leader cannot demonstrate true leadership. These elements define the level of trust between the leaders and the followers. Values help a leader to construct a positive behavior and personality. On the other hand, ethics enable a leader to commence the right conduct and to be more thoughtful in his actions and decisions. Leaders use moral reasoning to make decisions between what is right and what is wrong. Values pla y a central role in developing moral reasoning (Hughes, Ginnett, and Curphy, 2012). Martin Luther King, Jr. can be stated as a true leader who inspired his followers with his leadership based on moral and ethical values. He raised his voice against discrimination and was known in the history for the liberation of African-American nationals in America. His leadership revolved around nonviolence actions against racial inequality. He received Nobel Peace Prize due to his sincere efforts and true leadership. Some other known examples of behaviors exhibiting values, morals and ethics can be unbiased decisions by leaders, choosing the same for the followers what one chooses for oneself, valuing honesty without any fear and making right judgments.

Successful information security management Research Paper

Successful information security management - Research Paper Example Security incident management facilitates the development of security incident handling and planning including preparation for detection and reply to information security issues. The standard of the incident management primarily relates to ensure the existence of processes rather than the contents of these procedures. The security incident of different computing systems will have dissimilar effects and escort to different consequences, bureau, departments the Internal Revenue Service need to tailor the security incident handling plan according to specific operational requirements. Internal Revenue Service invests enormous money to buy and install computing equipments for securing their networks. Information systems security is a challenge for executives and the information technology professionals. Internal Revenue Service focus on performance and efficiency of the security equipments. This is not enough, as human intervention and a proper plan need to be defined. The information tech nology professionals are not only responsible for securing the information systems, all the employees of the organization are responsible.... The procedure for incident handling incorporated an action plan that counters Distributed Denial of Service Attacks, Cyber-attacks, natural disasters such as fire, earth quakes, flood etc. likewise, the incident management process includes a six step process i.e. Prepare, Identify, Contaminate, Eradicate, Recover and the lessons learned from the past. The information security should be handled internally and externally by the employees of Internal Revenue Service. They will be supported by the security teams with high-powered information security officers. The employees who do not have insufficient skills in dealing with information security, they can perform well in reducing risk factors. In each major business unit, employees with set of expertise to conduct IT audit, project management and risk management are recommended to be an information security officers. However, interpersonal, communication and process improvement skills are essential. Likewise, the most prominent objective for this role is to spread awareness between every employee of the Internal Revenue Service, as the awareness will be related to information security threats and most importantly the associated risks with these threats to the Internal Revenue Service. If Internal Revenue Service is associated with the cloud computing services, non-disclosure agreements should be signed and service level agreements should also be made. 2 Security Incident Handling It is the information depletion that will be undesirable to the welfare of Internal Revenue Service. It is an adverse event in an information system or network that poses a threat to computing equipment

Accounting Regulation of Extractive Industries Essay

Accounting Regulation of Extractive Industries - Essay Example ay a critical role in global economic and political relations and include companies in oil, gas and mining industries such as Exxon Mobil, Anglo American and Royal Dutch/Shell Group. The economic power of extractive industries is evidenced by the US $ 211 trillion in profits that was recorded by 20 extractive industries in 2005 compared with United States GDP of US $ 11 trillion in 2005. Efforts to regulate the extractive industry were initiated by the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC), now the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) in 1998 in order to address the problem associated with differing accounting practices used by the companies in the sector (Cortese, Irvine and Kaidonis, 2010). The previous accounting standards such as IAS 16 on property, plant, and equipment and IAS 38 on intangible assets did not address the thorny issue of accounting for extractive operations in oil, gas and mining operations. In this case, IFRS 6, exploration for and evaluation of Mineral Resources was released in 2004, but experts in the field claims that the standard codified the existing industry practice and provided the companies with flexibility to continue reporting in their preferred mode (Nobes & Parker 2008). The impact of the reported profits can be substantial and thus IASC sought to address the discrepancies at the international level. Proponents of full cost method stressed the need to retain the two methods and an Ad Hoc Committee on full costing consisting of various industry bodies and players was constituted (Nobes & Parker 2008). Companies in extractive industries have global operations and diversity in their accounting and reporting has evolved in leading mining regions such as South Africa, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia and the United States (US). Wiecek & Young (2010) explains that the economic importance of extractive industries led IASC to recognise the need for an international accounting standard that would provide

Cross Cultural Awareness for the International Manager Essay

Cross Cultural Awareness for the International Manager - Essay Example It runs an Internet filtered search engine that caters mostly to school-age children of ages 7 to 12. This search engine filters effectively the restricted sites from the children and promotes wholesome Internet surfing suitable to its young consumers. It aims to release an English-language Internet filtered search engine, a more advanced and more scrutinizing system (when compared to competitors Google and Yahoo) where it can be made available to the Chinese English-speaking children and adults, in accordance to the strict regulations of the government. Since it is a more efficient filter as compared to its competitors, it also features a Chinese counterpart site for its bilingual target public. It needs bilingual speakers and writers who would be able to man a new center that would be built in the country. China, or the People's Republic of China if the official name has to be used, has a total area of 9,596,960 sq km, slightly smaller when compared to the United States of America. The country is found in Eastern Asia, surrounded by Mongolia on its north, Central Asia countries on its west, South and Southeast Asia countries on its south and the East China, Yellow and South China Seas and the Korea Bay in its east With a total population of 1.3 billion people (July 2006 est.),... It also has a wide variation of dialects with each region having their own such as Yue or Cantonese (Hongkong area), Wu or Shanghaiese (Shanghai area), Minbei (Fuzhou area), Minnan or Hokkien-Taiwanese (Taiwan area), Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects and other dialects of the ethnic tribes. Standard Chinese or Mandarin (Putonghua, based on the Beijing dialect) is the official language in China as mandated by the government. The population growth is estimated to be 0.59% by 2006. Those below 14 years old make up 20.8% of the population, 15-64 years old has 71.4% and those 65 years old and over are 7.7%. Adding to the variety of the country is the religious adherence of the population to Taoism, Confucianism, Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam despite the discouragement of the state for religious practices and its push for atheism in 2002. In 221 BC, China was first united under the Qin or Ch'in Dynasty which the British based its current English name (its local name is Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo). Its last reigning dynasty, the Manchu, was replaced by a republic in January 1, 1912. The Communist Party took over in October 1, 1949, officially making it the People's Republic of China. For centuries China stood as a leading civilization even as the Roman Empire crumbled, exceeding the rest of the world's foremost civilizations and contributing important discoveries and inventions in arts and sciences. But in the 19th and early 20th centuries, the country was beset by civil unrest, major famines, military defeats, and foreign occupation (The World Factbok, 2006). After the devastation brought about the Second World War, the Communists under the command of Mao Zedong established an autocratic socialist system that

Developing Speaking Fluency and Accuracy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Developing Speaking Fluency and Accuracy - Essay Example Paul further expressed that people do have an integral and perplexing fear towards the English language which can be attributed to the inhibitions of a person in expressing themselves using the newly acquired language. As Paul (2009) elaborated, teaching how a word is properly enunciated or pronounced appeared to be the most difficult aspect that students are found to have. This gives an obvious divergence between the teacher and its students. One reason for this is that often foreign speakers are failing to adapt the English language as a secondary language. Since there are different people coming from different countries speaking English, there are modifications made in the pronunciation of a word. It is not an easy task to master the English language especially if this is not the mother tongue of a particular group. There are people who continually struggle with the rules and regulation of sentence construction or grammar. Ways to Improve Speaking These demanding challenges make it necessary for any teacher of English to have formal training in instruction and approach. As expressed by the British Broadcasting Company (BBC) (2003) that it is an effective method for teachers to find an appropriate plan on how the lessons will be presented that can aid the students in better understanding and adapting the enunciation and grammar of the foreign subject. According to the BBC’s (2003) world service radio series, the following elements attributes for a better and effective speaking: confidence, fluency and accuracy, proper usage and choice of words, bulk language learning, pattern as to where one should be going, maintaining the interest in its listeners, and becoming a supportive listener and sounding like a native speaker. This paper underscores the concepts of fluency and accuracy in the development of speaking skills.

Cross Cultural Awareness for the International Manager Essay

Cross Cultural Awareness for the International Manager - Essay Example It runs an Internet filtered search engine that caters mostly to school-age children of ages 7 to 12. This search engine filters effectively the restricted sites from the children and promotes wholesome Internet surfing suitable to its young consumers. It aims to release an English-language Internet filtered search engine, a more advanced and more scrutinizing system (when compared to competitors Google and Yahoo) where it can be made available to the Chinese English-speaking children and adults, in accordance to the strict regulations of the government. Since it is a more efficient filter as compared to its competitors, it also features a Chinese counterpart site for its bilingual target public. It needs bilingual speakers and writers who would be able to man a new center that would be built in the country. China, or the People's Republic of China if the official name has to be used, has a total area of 9,596,960 sq km, slightly smaller when compared to the United States of America. The country is found in Eastern Asia, surrounded by Mongolia on its north, Central Asia countries on its west, South and Southeast Asia countries on its south and the East China, Yellow and South China Seas and the Korea Bay in its east With a total population of 1.3 billion people (July 2006 est.),... It also has a wide variation of dialects with each region having their own such as Yue or Cantonese (Hongkong area), Wu or Shanghaiese (Shanghai area), Minbei (Fuzhou area), Minnan or Hokkien-Taiwanese (Taiwan area), Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects and other dialects of the ethnic tribes. Standard Chinese or Mandarin (Putonghua, based on the Beijing dialect) is the official language in China as mandated by the government. The population growth is estimated to be 0.59% by 2006. Those below 14 years old make up 20.8% of the population, 15-64 years old has 71.4% and those 65 years old and over are 7.7%. Adding to the variety of the country is the religious adherence of the population to Taoism, Confucianism, Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam despite the discouragement of the state for religious practices and its push for atheism in 2002. In 221 BC, China was first united under the Qin or Ch'in Dynasty which the British based its current English name (its local name is Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo). Its last reigning dynasty, the Manchu, was replaced by a republic in January 1, 1912. The Communist Party took over in October 1, 1949, officially making it the People's Republic of China. For centuries China stood as a leading civilization even as the Roman Empire crumbled, exceeding the rest of the world's foremost civilizations and contributing important discoveries and inventions in arts and sciences. But in the 19th and early 20th centuries, the country was beset by civil unrest, major famines, military defeats, and foreign occupation (The World Factbok, 2006). After the devastation brought about the Second World War, the Communists under the command of Mao Zedong established an autocratic socialist system that

Discussion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 62

Discussion - Assignment Example Organizations are more willing to listen to the grievances raised by unions and protect their members against intimidation by their employers. Since companies rarely win against claims raised by union, they pay their employees according to the market rate or standards determined by the workers unions to avoid conflicts such as strikes that may sterilize operations of the organizations. Unionization contributes to about 13% increase in nurse wages. Also, according to Edwin & Trevor (2011, p. 16) there is a â€Å"strong correlation between the presence of unions and overall wages for nurses.† Unions benefits to the patients in terms of quality of services they get from the nurses. According to Edwin & Trevor (2011, p. 16), unions enhances self-esteem of the nurses, promotes interaction of nurses in the organization and improves the employees confidence resulting to better quality of services the patients receives from the nurses. The study indicates lower mortality rate for patients with â€Å"acute myocardial infarction† in unionized hospitals than less unionized areas (Edwin & Trevor, 2011). Since unions attract more nurses unionized, hospitals have a higher number of nurses per patient than those less-unionized hospitals. Higher nurse-patient ratio result to increase in quality of care the patients receives in the hospital (Lovell,

History of American Education

History of American Education The twentieth century is a century in which major events such as The Great Depression, rights for minority, two world war and rise and fall of radical politics that which shapes a better American society in the present day. One of the advancements that made modern American today would be education and life in American universities. Historian Frederick Rudolph wrote a comprehensive history of American higher education that became one of the standard in the field and published the book titled The American college and Universities. It describes how American education system had shaped over the twentieth century. It explores a wide range of issue from education curriculum, how institutions finance in activities and programs to the education of immigrants, blacks and women. ÂÂ  During twentieth century, American especially teenagers from all walks of life had a one question in mind when comes to the idea of university in the United States which was, What should the American university be? [1]The university idea was a configuration which was far more complex than it seems, it involves financial resources, a wide range of agencies, public and private sectors to shape it. The book mentioned the complexities of college life due to events happening in America and the rise of college athletics. It gave a narrative review from historical bibliography on American college and the author Frederick Rudolphs own perspective on development of higher education in United States. The topic of education in America gave a huge and serious debate to improve to encourage a cohesive environment for all. The author questioned on the consequences have in American college and universities that have developed. He writes as a national educator historian, and he aware of how federal and state policies including religious differences effects on the intitutions.2 From the class material, progressive thinker such as John Dewey mentioned that a comprehensive system of education was important for a democracy nation to be successful. Progressives thinkers believed that it was a necessity for compulsory education and they worked hard to improve and expand education at all levels. These reformers reform numerous aspects of education such as standardization of testing, avoid corporal punishment and emphasized on equal education standard for both genders. They transformed education to be a driving force in modernizing the society and create great leaders regardless of race and gender. College was early recognized as an agency for economic and social mobility for the young adult. It coincides with the beginnings of feminism which one of the main goal was to give equal rights to education for women in United States. The higher education of women was a success. By 1950, there were about half a million women in the college as compared to a mere less than 100,000 back in 1900. It also gave the women to understand and exercise their social responsibilities and importance of voting. A study in 1935 had shown that 62% of women graduated from college voted as compared to less than 50% of women who did not attend higher education. Women were encouraging to take electives that are deemed feminine such as teaching or home economics.[3] However, there were still negative thoughts of women in higher education. An example will be Dean Briggs of Harvard, which he suggested that the movement for collegiate education for women may cause danger in intellectual unrest and deemed wome n will lost their role as a housewives or mother in later life due to high accomplishments. The employment rate of women significant increases with more women got higher education.[4 ]The author did not discuss during the Great Depression period of women education when fathers and husbands resented their wives and daughters to take over breadwinning roles which may be an effect from women getting higher education. From the class material, due to high unemployment rates among the men during Great Depression, there were states laws that which causes 10 million women to be fired from the job and Social Security pension system exclude certain female dominated occupations. This may cause a decline in women enrolled to higher education due to setback and little opportunity to advance during the Great Depression. The higher education main idea during twentieth century for the education of women will be established a college where the dignity of faculties and charm of the highest literary c ulture may be acquired by women without loss to womens crowning glory of grace and gentleness.[5] During the 1920s, American college and universities had discovered something that students cared about passionately due to the rise of American football. To satisfy the students, universities build foot field house that is big enough to handle a football game and creating banners and motto for the football team.[6] It was also a solution to integrate ethnic minorities into a game to ease racial tension. Not only that, football drew a huge enthusiasm among the ladies to support their team as compared to intercollegiate baseball. Inclusive of ethnic minorities into a college team will help in progress of race relation. The author continuing mentioning on how each university fund the American football and the enthusiasm of the ladies comparing American football to gladiators.[7] From the class material, Jackie Robinson was the first African American to play baseball in major leagues since 19th century, resulting numerous ethnic minorities to follow the footstep of Robinson. However, they faced obstacles, such as off-field discrimination and often will not be chosen to play for major matches. Education played a huge role in American society during the mid-twentieth century. After Word War 2, population in United States dramatically increased with a baby boom. In 1944, the American Congress passed the GI bill which provides subsidies for veterans to attend colleges and universities. Millions of veterans took advantage of the opportunity resulting in drastically increased in number of people in college. This resulted in higher education to experience a huge increase in enrollment of students and graduates in the1950s. Frederick Rudolphs bibliography had given me an understand of American higher education from nineteenth century till the twentieth century and how university such as Harvard, Yale or Michigan finance their institute, their policies and the development of curriculum to the ethnic minorities and women and rise of sports in the college. This book gave information of the beginnings of education, complications the higher education institutions had faced and how the how higher education institutions overcome it, be carefully documented using numerous secondary blogography. By narrowing down to history of American education, it really gave a brief idea of how the periods in twentieth century affects the college and university policies and complexities of the students. It could be better categorizing chronological by year and the events happening around United States, to show how America higher education had progress over the years. It will help readers to better understand the progress and materials of the book.ÂÂ   The materials will be better if there were demographic and statistical analyses to connect education history to the social history of America, such as how The Great Depression causes women to lose its employment and education rights. Given the fact that this book was based on numerous secondary bibliographic with inordinate reliance of institutional histories, the author did a splendid work in convincing the readers in important historical perspective on the development of colleges and universities in United States. The author minimizes biasness, cross referencing numerous sources and summarizing history of American higher education in great details. [1] RUDOLPH, FREDERICK, and JOHN R. THELIN. The American College and University: A History. University of Georgia Press, 1990, p.357-58. 2 RUDOLPH, FREDERICK, and JOHN R. THELIN. The American College and University: A History. University of Georgia Press, 1990, p.368. [3] RUDOLPH, FREDERICK, and JOHN R. THELIN. The American College and University: A History. University of Georgia Press, 1990, p.310-11. [4 ]4 RUDOLPH, FREDERICK, and JOHN R. THELIN. The American College and University: A History. University of Georgia Press, 1990, p.325. [5] RUDOLPH, FREDERICK, and JOHN R. THELIN. The American College and University: A History. University of Georgia Press, 1990, p.328. [6] RUDOLPH, FREDERICK, and JOHN R. THELIN. The American College and University: A History. University of Georgia Press, 1990, p.374 [7] RUDOLPH, FREDERICK, and JOHN R. THELIN. The American College and University: A History. University of Georgia Press, 1990, p.391.

Monster: The Autobiography of an L.A. Gang Member Essay -- Biography B

Monster: The Autobiography of an L.A. Gang Member    "Where I came from, in order to be down you had to be 'in'" (Shakur, 226). This quote, taken from Sanyika Shakur's (aka Monster Kody Scott) Monster: The Autobiography of an L.A. Gang Member relates the mind set of those growing up the concrete jungle of South Central L.A. This powerful account of the triumph of the human spirit over insurmountable odds brings the reader into the daily battles for survival. His story starts at the beginning of his gang life (being initiated at age 11), moves through his teen years (mostly spent in various correctional facilities) and ends up with his transformation in a member of the New Afrikan Independence Movement.    When Kody Scott was 6 years old, the gang wars started in Los Angeles. It started out as a battle between the Crips and the Bloods, but by the late 70's and continuing today, the biggest killer of Crips is other Crips. The Crip Nation was divided into different divisions, which Monster compares to the U.S. Army. "For instance, one who is in the army may belong to the F... Monster: The Autobiography of an L.A. Gang Member Essay -- Biography B Monster: The Autobiography of an L.A. Gang Member    "Where I came from, in order to be down you had to be 'in'" (Shakur, 226). This quote, taken from Sanyika Shakur's (aka Monster Kody Scott) Monster: The Autobiography of an L.A. Gang Member relates the mind set of those growing up the concrete jungle of South Central L.A. This powerful account of the triumph of the human spirit over insurmountable odds brings the reader into the daily battles for survival. His story starts at the beginning of his gang life (being initiated at age 11), moves through his teen years (mostly spent in various correctional facilities) and ends up with his transformation in a member of the New Afrikan Independence Movement.    When Kody Scott was 6 years old, the gang wars started in Los Angeles. It started out as a battle between the Crips and the Bloods, but by the late 70's and continuing today, the biggest killer of Crips is other Crips. The Crip Nation was divided into different divisions, which Monster compares to the U.S. Army. "For instance, one who is in the army may belong to the F...

Athens: The Acropolis and the Agora Essay -- History Historical Papers

Athens: The Acropolis and the Ago Modern day Athens has managed to maintain an ancient landscape.? The Acropolis and the Agora are two major features of ancient Greece that have a home in this metropolitan city.? Both of these ancient sites preserve their power and mystery in a modern day world. According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, an agora is an open space in ancient Greek cities that served as both a meeting place and as an area for various civic activities (?Agora?).? The Agora of ancient Athens was rebuilt after the Persian Wars (490-449 BC) in response to a lengthy period of wealth and peace in the city (ibid).? The area demonstrates an archaic type of agora architecture (ibid).? This means that the colonnades and other buildings do not appear to coordinate, thus, creating the general impression of disorder (ibid).? The Agora contains three main architectural areas:? the colonnades, the government buildings, and the sacred area.? These three parts of the Agora combine to form a space that functions for public, private, and religious interests.? These functions can best be described by looking at a map of the ancient Agora of Athens (Quick Tour, Agora).? Publicly, the Agora served as a meeting place, market place, and a center for public activity.? The Agora once contained lush trees and fabulous fountains for public enjoyment (?Agora?).? These aesthetic elements combined to create an area that functioned as a public park and meeting space (ibid).? Athenians could engage in discussion, meet friends, or take their children to play in this free public area (?Athens?).? At the same time, the Agora created a public market for the sale of goods (?Agora?).? Two long stoas, or colonnade halls, once provided an area f... ...ns greatest treasures.? These architectural areas have provided insight into the culture, religion, and government of ancient Athens.? The Agora has become a symbol of civic space, and has influenced how modern architects plan public areas.? It has also provided scholars with understanding of religious and cultural aspects of Greek life.? The Acropolis has served as symbol of the power of both Athens of religion in Greek life.? This structure has unlocked questions about art and architecture, and it continues to symbolize perfection.? Together, these ancient sites unlock the mysterious of ancient Athens.? Bibliography http://search.eb.com/ebi/article?eu=294421 http://search.eb.com/ebi/article?eu=4106. http://search.eb.com/ebi/article?eu=294750. http://www.lfc.edu/academics/greece/AcropTour.html. http://www.lfc.edu/academics/greece/AgoraTour.html.

Countenance Evaluation Model

Robert E. Stake’s the â€Å"Countenance Model of Evaluation† in Education Evaluation is an important aspect of program development to come up with improvement plan to achieve competitiveness, depending on the judgment of the one who evaluates, or the evaluators. Education being complex is associated with contingencies with consideration to congruence (intentions and observations).This needs adequate scrutiny, rendering both cost measurement and estimation of outcomes since education is a crucial part of society and economy, and its greater effectiveness per unit cost is of high consideration, especially on a given resource constraint, is desirable (Mathison, 2005, p. 90). The so-called Countenance Model of Evaluation, formulated by Robert E. Stake, is a model focusing on the qualitative influences to the traditional quantitative designs, with judgment being maintained as the major function of the one who evaluates.The heart of this model is on the decisions that are com e up with during the evaluation. There are three important phases of program development where this model revolves: antecedent, transaction, and outcome. In the antecedent phase, the consideration is the environmental factors that might affect program outcomes. The effectiveness of the program during implementation is being considered by in the transaction phase on the other hand. When the program has already achieved completion, its effects are being examined in the outcome phase.The evaluation procedure must take into account both judgment and descriptions, both relying on quantitative and qualitative observations. The description may either be absolute or comparative (Snyder, Acker-Hocevar, and Snyder, 2008, pp. 167-168). The strength of this model is that it allows thorough evaluation since it requires the evaluator to give a description of the situations (events, activities, conditions, etc. ) before, during, and after the program implementation (Snyder, Acker-Hocevar, and Snyd er, 2008, p. 168). It is really a helpful feature of this model that it offers flexibility in operation.The approach is holistic in nature, rather than atomistic, with each part being emphasized. Factors are all given attention, with the importance of each factor imposed and selected to gain sensitivity (Burgess, Galloway, and Morrison, 1993, p. 36). References Burgess, Robert G. , Sheila Galloway, and Marlene Morrison. (1993). Implementing In-service Education and Training. Retrieved September 18, 2008, from http://books. google. com/books? id=t949AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA36&dq=countenance+evaluation+model+in+education&as_brr=3&sig=ACfU3U1p1htWqqCorrsxmE_4op-nJA40mAMathison, Sandra. (2005). Encyclopedia of Evaluation. Retrieved September 18, 2008, from http://books. google. com/books? id=sCibBf4Ni1QC&pg=PA167&dq=countenance+evaluation+model&as_brr=3&sig=ACfU3U3JfsrxoDJqDLQ-djt_50iTpK99vQ#PPA167,M1 Snyder, Karolyn J. , Michelle Acker-Hocevar, and Kristen M. Snyder. (2008). Living on the Edge o f Chaos: Leading Schools into the Global Age. Retrieved September 18, 2008, from http://books. google. com/books? id=nmv5mSHlXKQC&pg=PA90&dq=countenance+evaluation+model&as_brr=3&sig=ACfU3U2pfiSKzcKZz7laTIzdLnRjUjd31Q

Progresso You Gotta Taste This Soup Essay

Progresso grew from an Italian Import Company to a Quality Soup Company with an Italian Heritage. The company seal and name Progresso (meaning â€Å"progress† in Italian) was designed to communicate the vision of progress, a cornerstone of the Progresso philosophy. The first Progresso soups were taken from real family recipes; made with the same ingredients and in the same way as the homemade soups. In 1949 Progresso introduced the first canned ready-to-serve soup in America and has grown to become the No. 1 ready-to-eat soup brand in America by using quality ingredients. Progresso continues to build on its rich history of flavorful products that delight the consumer. Gender & Age: Their commercials appear to target both men and women – mostly women. Those who are middle aged as opposed to teen and younger or senior citizen and those who are looking for something that is nostalgic and from their past. The reason I think they appeal mostly to women is because their message is positive and focuses on how it can improve and help a women’s life. They involve them with the brand and tell stories that resonate with females. One commercial shows a woman in a wedding dress calling to tell the Progresso Soup kitchen thanks for the help to achieve that goal. When the kitchen asks when’s the big day, she says â€Å"Oh, it was years ago, but the dress still fits! † Education & Income: I’m assuming their education levels are higher than high school as many of the commercials show people who are in offices or nice home settings which would mean their income is more middle class as opposed to lower or upper. ? Ethnic Group: Their company history can be traced back to Italy. Their soups like Traditional, Classic and Rich & Hearty all suggest a homemade flavor like Grandma’s. One commercial shows a woman in an office calling the kitchen asking if she can talk to her Grandma. They tell her she’s in the garden picking herbs to which she says, â€Å"She’s so cute, I’ll hold. † In 2010, Progresso stepped up its emphasis on superior taste with the rollout of World Recipes soups and the first four are Mexican-inspired flavors. Psychographics: I think the customers Progresso is reaching out to are Thinkers, Achievers and Believers. All three of these have similar qualities; conservative, focus on family, tradition. Thinkers and Achievers look further for functionality, value and brands that demonstrate success to their peers. One commercial shows how a soup with fiber doesn’t have to compromise good taste making it convenient for consumers to get more fiber in their diets while enjoying a wholesome, satisfying meal. Believers also favor American-made products and here’s where I think Progresso’s packaging is effective. The can colors are blue, the lettering is mostly white and their Progresso banner resembles a flag and has red trim – what is more American than Red, White & Blue? Benefit Segmentation & Usage: Progresso focuses on the advantages their customers receive rather on the characteristics of the customers themselves; mostly weight loss and receiving fresh ingredients. One commercial shows a guy calling to ask if the clams are fresh in his Clam Chowder soup. The kitchen â€Å"connects† him to the boat to talk to the captain. ? Product Positioning Progresso Soups have almost 50 flavors from which to choose and seven categories, each targeting a different market segment: Traditional, Vegetable Classics, Rich & Hearty, Reduced Sodium, Light, High Fiber and World Recipes. Their biggest attribute is their endorsement from Weight Watchers. They are the only soup endorsed by Weight Watchers. As for their competition, they show contrast by showing their soup is for grownups and it’s better than condensed soup (Campbells Chicken & Stars). They show different uses for their soup by creating recipes that can be found on Pillsbury. com or WeightWatchersOnline. com. Their price/quality relationship is shown when their commercials show whole, fresh vegetables going into the top of the can and their tagline over the years has been â€Å"It’s time to go to the better taste of Progresso. † Their product user is targeted, I think, to those who are looking for their past weight. Progresso Soup is a sponsor for The Biggest Loser and they hold contests for people who’ve lost weight using their product to receive makeovers. One lady who won said she had to â€Å"get my life back† and this was easy. Many of their commercials suggest that one will lose weight by eating Progresso. One shows a woman calling the kitchen to say her husband has been eating their soup and now looks like he did 20 years ago. Not only that, he’s wearing the clothes he wore 20 years ago and when the other can phone rings it’s him to say, â€Å"Relax and enjoy the view! † The funniest part, he’s wearing clothes from the 70’s complete with tube socks. Another is when a lady calls the kitchen to say she’s been eating Progresso and now her favorite old jeans fit. It’s easy to see that there are many benefits when eating Progresso Soups; as they said in their commercials from the 80’s, â€Å"P. S. I love you. †

George Orwell Essay

George Orwell’s â€Å"How the Poor Die†, is an anecdote that reflects his stay in a hospital in Paris, back in 1929. In deep detail, Orwell described the setting, people, and what he felt towards the negative atmosphere to convince readers about the horrifying Hopital X. In this essay, Orwell’s use of literary and historical reference, language use and imagery, and comparison will be discussed in terms of whether or not this essay is effective for modern readers.In his anecdote, Orwell used a lot of literary and historical references that are useful in explaining the current period that he was in. â€Å"How the Poor Die† is set in Paris, back in February 1929. At that point, Orwell wrote that hospitals already have a negative image even before he wrote his anecdote. In paragraph 5, Orwell referred to a variety of literatures from the 19th Century. Tennyson’s poem, The Children’s Hospital and the conversation between Bob Sawyer and Benjamin Al len remains unfamiliar for modern readers.Orwell also mentioned a few other characters from the 19th Century that also has the same impression of hospitals. This includes George III who shrieks when surgeons approach him, and â€Å"the names given to doctors in nineteenth-century English fiction, Slasher, Carver, Sawyer, Fillgrave and so on† (paragraph 5 line 13). A brief description of literatures from the 19th century like those mentioned before allows modern readers to understand the relation of the negativity of hospitals and these characters.Therefore, since Orwell gathered his historical references in one paragraph, modern readers still have the ability to determine that in this paragraph, Orwell is informing readers that a lot of people have always had a negative image of hospitals, even before his stay at Hopital X. To give readers a view about the horrific Hopital X, Orwell used a variation of imagery to describe mostly negative perspectives about his experience. Orw ell first described the setting. One of them was the ward that he stayed in.He described it as â€Å"a long, rather low, ill-lit room; full of murmuring voices and with three rows of beds surprisingly close together. There was a foul smell, faecal and yet sweetish† (paragraph 2 line 8). In there, not only did he give visual images, Orwell also described the sounds and also the atmosphere (smell) that he was in. Orwell’s detailed imagery isn’t limited to the setting only. He also explained to readers â€Å"’cupping’, a treatment which you can read about in old medical text-books but which till then I had vaguely thought of s one of those things they do to horses. â€Å" (Paragraph 2 lines 14-16). Elaborating the meaning of this treatment is effective for modern readers because even then, he also mentioned that readers should ‘read about (cupping) in old medical text-books’. With that explanation, modern or non-modern readers get to ha ve the idea of the unfamiliar treatment that the doctors gave him. Other than that, by telling that it is actually ‘one of those things they do to horses’, Orwell is telling readers that again, this is one of the oddness of Hopital X.It is a technique that Orwell used to convince readers that his experience at Hopital X is undoubtedly miserable. Orwell also manages to convince readers about his miserable experience by comparing Hopital X to hospitals in England. He compared Hopital X to hospitals in England because he happens to have an English blood. Therefore, the comparisons are mainly biased to English hospitals, and hence, more negativity of the French hospital is revealed. The main comparison that Orwell referred to would be the service given from the hospitals.The nurses at the Hopital X â€Å"still had a tinge of Mrs. Gamp† (paragraph 5 line 12), which is the complete opposite from English nurses. Mrs. Gamp is another historical reference that Orwell made . Based on the footnote, Mrs. Gamp is introduced as â€Å"an alcoholic who works as a monthly nurse† (paragraph 19 line 2). Therefore, we can assume that a majority of nurses from Hopital X are like her or in other words, fails to give a good service to their patients. The result of this bad service makes sense to another explanation that Orwell made.When death occurs in Hopital X, the situation is explained as; â€Å"business of people just dying like animals, for instance, with nobody standing by, nobody interested, the death not even noticed till the morning–this happened more than once. † (Paragraph 5 line 3). The main use of these comparisons is to assure past and current readers that French hospitals are surrounded by negativity. Again, this effect is useful in supporting Orwell’s negative point of view of Hopital X.After almost a century, Orwell’s anecdote still has the ability to convince readers about the misery of Hopital X. With the use of literary and historical reference, language use and imagery, and comparison between Hopital X and English hospitals, â€Å"How the Poor Die† definitely proved modern readers about the misery of Hopital X. Therefore, it is safe to say that even if a literature is written a decade or even a century ago, the writing would still be effective if the author successfully address it with deep details. George Orwell Essay George Orwell’s â€Å"How the Poor Die†, is an anecdote that reflects his stay in a hospital in Paris, back in 1929. In deep detail, Orwell described the setting, people, and what he felt towards the negative atmosphere to convince readers about the horrifying Hopital X. In this essay, Orwell’s use of literary and historical reference, language use and imagery, and comparison will be discussed in terms of whether or not this essay is effective for modern readers.In his anecdote, Orwell used a lot of literary and historical references that are useful in explaining the current period that he was in. â€Å"How the Poor Die† is set in Paris, back in February 1929. At that point, Orwell wrote that hospitals already have a negative image even before he wrote his anecdote. In paragraph 5, Orwell referred to a variety of literatures from the 19th Century. Tennyson’s poem, The Children’s Hospital and the conversation between Bob Sawyer and Benjamin Al len remains unfamiliar for modern readers.Orwell also mentioned a few other characters from the 19th Century that also has the same impression of hospitals. This includes George III who shrieks when surgeons approach him, and â€Å"the names given to doctors in nineteenth-century English fiction, Slasher, Carver, Sawyer, Fillgrave and so on† (paragraph 5 line 13). A brief description of literatures from the 19th century like those mentioned before allows modern readers to understand the relation of the negativity of hospitals and these characters.Therefore, since Orwell gathered his historical references in one paragraph, modern readers still have the ability to determine that in this paragraph, Orwell is informing readers that a lot of people have always had a negative image of hospitals, even before his stay at Hopital X. To give readers a view about the horrific Hopital X, Orwell used a variation of imagery to describe mostly negative perspectives about his experience. Orw ell first described the setting. One of them was the ward that he stayed in.He described it as â€Å"a long, rather low, ill-lit room; full of murmuring voices and with three rows of beds surprisingly close together. There was a foul smell, faecal and yet sweetish† (paragraph 2 line 8). In there, not only did he give visual images, Orwell also described the sounds and also the atmosphere (smell) that he was in. Orwell’s detailed imagery isn’t limited to the setting only. He also explained to readers â€Å"’cupping’, a treatment which you can read about in old medical text-books but which till then I had vaguely thought of s one of those things they do to horses. â€Å" (Paragraph 2 lines 14-16). Elaborating the meaning of this treatment is effective for modern readers because even then, he also mentioned that readers should ‘read about (cupping) in old medical text-books’. With that explanation, modern or non-modern readers get to ha ve the idea of the unfamiliar treatment that the doctors gave him. Other than that, by telling that it is actually ‘one of those things they do to horses’, Orwell is telling readers that again, this is one of the oddness of Hopital X.It is a technique that Orwell used to convince readers that his experience at Hopital X is undoubtedly miserable. Orwell also manages to convince readers about his miserable experience by comparing Hopital X to hospitals in England. He compared Hopital X to hospitals in England because he happens to have an English blood. Therefore, the comparisons are mainly biased to English hospitals, and hence, more negativity of the French hospital is revealed. The main comparison that Orwell referred to would be the service given from the hospitals.The nurses at the Hopital X â€Å"still had a tinge of Mrs. Gamp† (paragraph 5 line 12), which is the complete opposite from English nurses. Mrs. Gamp is another historical reference that Orwell made . Based on the footnote, Mrs. Gamp is introduced as â€Å"an alcoholic who works as a monthly nurse† (paragraph 19 line 2). Therefore, we can assume that a majority of nurses from Hopital X are like her or in other words, fails to give a good service to their patients. The result of this bad service makes sense to another explanation that Orwell made.When death occurs in Hopital X, the situation is explained as; â€Å"business of people just dying like animals, for instance, with nobody standing by, nobody interested, the death not even noticed till the morning–this happened more than once. † (Paragraph 5 line 3). The main use of these comparisons is to assure past and current readers that French hospitals are surrounded by negativity. Again, this effect is useful in supporting Orwell’s negative point of view of Hopital X.After almost a century, Orwell’s anecdote still has the ability to convince readers about the misery of Hopital X. With the use of literary and historical reference, language use and imagery, and comparison between Hopital X and English hospitals, â€Å"How the Poor Die† definitely proved modern readers about the misery of Hopital X. Therefore, it is safe to say that even if a literature is written a decade or even a century ago, the writing would still be effective if the author successfully address it with deep details.